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The Indian Contract Act, 1872
A section-by-section visual learning map
Act 9 of 1872
4 chapters
268 sections mapped
268 in the statute
Act
ICA — The Indian Contract Act, 1872
BNS — The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
COI — The Constitution of India, 1950
Chapters
Exam
My Progress
Cases
CH 1
Preliminary
§§ 1–2
§1
Section 1 – Short title
§2
Section 2 – Interpretation-clause
⚖
CH 2
Chapter I — Communication, Acceptance and Revocation of Proposals
§§ 3–9
§3
Section 3 – Communication, acceptance and revocation of proposals
⚖
§4
Section 4 – Communication when complete
⚖
§5
Section 5 – Revocation of proposals and acceptances
§6
Section 6 – Revocation how made
§7
Section 7 – Acceptance must be absolute
⚖
§8
Section 8 – Acceptance by performing conditions, or receiving consideration
⚖
§9
Section 9 – Promises, express and implied
CH 3
Chapter II — Contracts, Voidable Contracts and Void Agreements
§§ 10–30
§10
Section 10 – What agreements are contracts
⚖
§11
Section 11 – Who are competent to contract
⚖
§12
Section 12 – What is a sound mind for the purposes of contracting
§13
Section 13 – "Consent" defined
§14
Section 14 – "Free consent" defined
§15
Section 15 – "Coercion" defined
⚖
§16
Section 16 – "Undue influence" defined
⚖
§17
Section 17 – "Fraud" defined
⚖
§18
Section 18 – "Misrepresentation" defined
§19
Section 19 – Voidability of agreements without free consent
§19A
Section 19A – Power to set aside contract induced by undue influence
§20
Section 20 – Agreement void where both parties are under mistake as to matter of fact
⚖
§21
Section 21 – Effect of mistakes as to law
§22
Section 22 – Contract caused by mistake of one party as to matter of fact
§23
Section 23 – What considerations and objects are lawful, and what not
⚖
§24
Section 24 – Agreement void, if considerations and objects unlawful in part
§25
Section 25 – Agreement without consideration, void, unless it is in writing and registered, or is a promise to compensate for something done, or is a promise to pay a debt barred by limitation law
⚖
§26
Section 26 – Agreement in restraint of marriage, void
§27
Section 27 – Agreement in restraint of trade, void
⚖
§28
Section 28 – Agreements in restraint of legal proceeding void
§29
Section 29 – Agreements void for uncertainty
§30
Section 30 – Agreements by way of wager, void
⚖
CH 0
Unassigned
§§ 31–266
§31
Section 31 – "Contingent contract" defined
§32
Section 32 – Enforcement of contracts contingent on an event happening
§33
Section 33 – Enforcement of contracts contingent on an event not happening
§34
Section 34 – When event on which contract is contingent to be deemed impossible, if it is the future conduct of a living person
§35
Section 35 – When contracts become void which are contingent on happening of specified event within fixed time . When contracts may be enforced, which are contingent on specified event not happening within fixed time
§36
Section 36 – Agreement contingent on impossible events void
§37
Section 37 – Obligation of parties to contracts
§38
Section 38 – Effect of refusal to accept offer of performance
§39
Section 39 – Effect of refusal of party to perform promise wholly
§40
Section 40 – Person by whom promise is to be performed
§41
Section 41 – Effect of accepting performance from third person
§42
Section 42 – Devolution of joint liabilities
§43
Section 43 – Any one of joint promisors may be compelled to perform
§44
Section 44 – Effect of release of one joint promisor
§45
Section 45 – Devolution of joint rights
§46
Section 46 – Time for performance of promise, when no application is to be made and no time is specified
§47
Section 47 – Time and place for performance of promise
§48
Section 48 – Application for performance on certain day to be at proper time and place
§49
Section 49 – Place for performance of promise, where no application to be made and no place fixed for performance
§50
Section 50 – Performance in manner or at time prescribed or sanctioned by promise
§51
Section 51 – Promisor not bound to perform, unless reciprocal promisee ready and willing to perform
§52
Section 52 – Order of performance of reciprocal promises
§53
Section 53 – Liability of party preventing event on which the contract is to take effect
§54
Section 54 – Effect of default as to that promise which should be first performed, in contract consisting of reciprocal promises
§55
Section 55 – Effect of failure to perform at fixed time, in contract in which time is essential
§56
Section 56 – Agreement to do impossible act
§57
Section 57 – Reciprocal promise to do things legal, and also other things illegal
§58
Section 58 – Alternative promise, one branch being illegal
§59
Section 59 – Application of payment where debt to be discharged is indicated
§60
Section 60 – Application of payment where debt to be discharged is not indicated
§61
Section 61 – Application of payment where neither party appropriates
§62
Section 62 – Effect of novation, rescission, and alteration of contract
§63
Section 63 – Promise may dispense with or remit performance of promise
§64
Section 64 – Consequences of rescission of voidable contract
§65
Section 65 – Obligation of person who has received advantage under void agreement, or contract that becomes void
§66
Section 66 – Mode of communicating or revoking rescission of voidable contract
§67
Section 67 – Effect of neglect of promisee to afford promisor reasonable facilities for performance
§68
Section 68 – Claim for necessaries supplied to person incapable of contracting, or on his account
§69
Section 69 – Reimbursement of person paying money due by another, in payment of which he is interested
§70
Section 70 – Obligation of person enjoying benefit of non-gratuitous act
§71
Section 71 – Responsibility of finder of goods
§72
Section 72 – Liability of person to whom money is paid, or thing delivered, by mistake or under coercion
§73
Section 73 – Compensation for loss or damage caused by breach of contract
§74
Section 74 – Compensation for breach of contract where penalty stipulated for
§75
Section 75 – Party rightfully rescinding contract, entitled to compensation
§76
Section 76 – Repealed
§77
Section 77 – Repealed
§78
Section 78 – Repealed
§79
Section 79 – Repealed
§80
Section 80 – Repealed
§81
Section 81 – Repealed
§82
Section 82 – Repealed
§83
Section 83 – Repealed
§84
Section 84 – Repealed
§85
Section 85 – Repealed
§86
Section 86 – Repealed
§87
Section 87 – Repealed
§88
Section 88 – Repealed
§89
Section 89 – Repealed
§90
Section 90 – Repealed
§91
Section 91 – Repealed
§92
Section 92 – Repealed
§93
Section 93 – Repealed
§94
Section 94 – Repealed
§95
Section 95 – Repealed
§96
Section 96 – Repealed
§97
Section 97 – Repealed
§98
Section 98 – Repealed
§99
Section 99 – Repealed
§100
Section 100 – Repealed
§101
Section 101 – Repealed
§102
Section 102 – Repealed
§103
Section 103 – Repealed
§104
Section 104 – Repealed
§105
Section 105 – Repealed
§106
Section 106 – Repealed
§107
Section 107 – Repealed
§108
Section 108 – Repealed
§109
Section 109 – Repealed
§110
Section 110 – Repealed
§111
Section 111 – Repealed
§112
Section 112 – Repealed
§113
Section 113 – Repealed
§114
Section 114 – Repealed
§115
Section 115 – Repealed
§116
Section 116 – Repealed
§117
Section 117 – Repealed
§118
Section 118 – Repealed
§119
Section 119 – Repealed
§120
Section 120 – Repealed
§121
Section 121 – Repealed
§122
Section 122 – Repealed
§123
Section 123 – Repealed
§124
Section 124 – "Contract of indemnity" defined
§125
Section 125 – Rights of indemnity-holder when sued
§126
Section 126 – "Contract of guarantee", "surety", "principal debtor" and "creditor"
§127
Section 127 – Consideration for guarantee
§128
Section 128 – Surety's liability
§129
Section 129 – "Continuing guarantee"
§130
Section 130 – Revocation of continuing guarantee
§131
Section 131 – Revocation of continuing guarantee by surety's death
§132
Section 132 – Liability of two persons, primarily liable, not affected by arrangement between them that one shall be surety on others default
§133
Section 133 – Discharge of surety by variance in terms of contract
§134
Section 134 – Discharge of surety by release or discharge of principal debtor
§135
Section 135 – Discharge of surety when creditor compounds with, gives time to, or agrees not to sue, principal debtor
§136
Section 136 – Surety not discharged when agreement made with third person to give time to principal debtor
§137
Section 137 – Creditor's forbearance to sue does not discharge surety
§138
Section 138 – Release of one co-surety does not discharge others
§139
Section 139 – Discharge of surety of creditor's act or omission impairing surety's eventual remedy
§140
Section 140 – Rights of surety on payment or performance
§141
Section 141 – Surety's right to benefit of creditor's securities
§142
Section 142 – Guarantee obtained by misrepresentation invalid
§143
Section 143 – Guarantee obtained by concealment invalid
§144
Section 144 – Guarantee on contract that creditor shall not act on it until co-surety joins
§145
Section 145 – Implied promise to indemnify surety
§146
Section 146 – Co-sureties liable to contribute equally
§147
Section 147 – Liability of co-sureties bound in different sums
§148
Section 148 – "Bailment", "bailor" and "bailee" defined
§149
Section 149 – Delivery to bailee how made
§150
Section 150 – Bailor's duty to disclose faults in goods bailed
§151
Section 151 – Care to be taken by bailee
§152
Section 152 – Bailee when not liable for loss, etc., of thing bailed
§153
Section 153 – Termination of bailment by bailee's act inconsistent with conditions
§154
Section 154 – Liability of bailee making unauthorized use of goods bailed
§155
Section 155 – Effect of mixture, with bailor's consent, of his goods with bailee's
§156
Section 156 – Effect of mixture, without bailor's consent, when the good can be separated
§157
Section 157 – Effect of mixture, without bailor's consent, when the goods cannot be separated
§158
Section 158 – Repayment, by bailor, of necessary expenses
§159
Section 159 – Restoration of goods lent gratuitously
§160
Section 160 – Return of goods bailed, on expiration of time or accomplishment of purpose
§161
Section 161 – Bailee's responsibility when goods are not duly returned
§162
Section 162 – Termination of gratuitous bailment by death
§163
Section 163 – Bailor entitled to increase or profit from goods bailed
§164
Section 164 – Bailor's responsibility to bailee
§165
Section 165 – Bailment by several joint owners
§166
Section 166 – Bailee not responsible on re-delivery to bailor without title
§167
Section 167 – Right of third person claiming goods bailed
§168
Section 168 – Right of finder of goods
§169
Section 169 – When finder of thing commonly on sale may sell it
§170
Section 170 – Bailee's particular lien
§171
Section 171 – General lien of bankers, factors, wharfingers, attorneys and policy-brokers
§172
Section 172 – "Pledge", "Pawnor" and "Pawnee" defined
§173
Section 173 – Pawnee's right of retainer
§174
Section 174 – Pawnee not to retain for debt or promise other than that for which goods pledged
§175
Section 175 – Pawnee's right as to extraordinary expenses incurred
§176
Section 176 – Pawnee's right where pawnor makes default
§177
Section 177 – Defaulting pawnor's right to redeem
§178
Section 178 – Pledge by mercantile agent
§178A
Section 178A – Pledge by person in possession under voidable contract
§179
Section 179 – Pledge where pawnor has only a limited interest
§180
Section 180 – Suit by bailor or bailee against wrong-doer
§181
Section 181 – Apportionment of relief or compensation obtained by such suits
§182
Section 182 – "Agent" and "principal" defined
§183
Section 183 – Who may employ agent
§184
Section 184 – Who may be an agent
§185
Section 185 – Consideration not necessary
§186
Section 186 – Agent's authority may be expressed or implied
§187
Section 187 – Definitions of express and implied authority
§188
Section 188 – Extent of agent's authority
§189
Section 189 – Agent's authority in an emergency
§190
Section 190 – When agent cannot delegate
§191
Section 191 – "Sub-agent" defined
§192
Section 192 – Representation of principal by sub-agent properly appointed
§193
Section 193 – Agent's responsibility for sub-agent appointed without authority
§194
Section 194 – Relation between principal and person duly appointed by agent to act in business of agency
§195
Section 195 – Agent's duty in naming such person
§196
Section 196 – Right of person as to acts done for him without his authority
§197
Section 197 – Ratification may be expressed or implied
§198
Section 198 – Knowledge requisite for valid ratification
§199
Section 199 – Effect of ratifying unauthorized act forming part of a transaction
§200
Section 200 – Ratification of unauthorized act cannot injure third person
§201
Section 201 – Termination of agency
§202
Section 202 – Termination of agency, where agent has an interest in subject-matter
§203
Section 203 – When principal may revoke agent's authority
§204
Section 204 – Revocation where authority has been partly exercised
§205
Section 205 – Compensation for revocation by principal, or renunciation by agent
§206
Section 206 – Notice of revocation or renunciation
§207
Section 207 – Revocation and renunciation may be expressed or implied
§208
Section 208 – When termination of agent's authority takes effect as to agent, and as to third persons
§209
Section 209 – Agent's duty on termination of agency by principal's death or insanity
§210
Section 210 – Termination of sub-agent's authority
§211
Section 211 – Agent's duty in conducting principal's business
§212
Section 212 – Skill and diligence required from agent
§213
Section 213 – Agent's accounts
§214
Section 214 – Agent's duty to communicate with principal
§215
Section 215 – Right of principal when agent deals, on his own account, in business of agency without principals consent
§216
Section 216 – Principal's right to benefit gained by agent dealing on his own account in business of agency
§217
Section 217 – Agent's right of retainer out of sums received on principal's account
§218
Section 218 – Agent's duty to pay sums received for principal
§219
Section 219 – When agent's remuneration becomes due
§220
Section 220 – Agent not entitled to remuneration for business misconducted
§221
Section 221 – Agent's lien on principal's property
§222
Section 222 – Agent to be indemnified against consequences of lawful acts
§223
Section 223 – Agent to be indemnified against consequences of acts done in good faith
§224
Section 224 – Non-liability of employer of agent to do a criminal act
§225
Section 225 – Compensation to agent for injury caused by principal's neglect
§226
Section 226 – Enforcement and consequences of agent's contracts
§227
Section 227 – Principal how far bound, when agent exceeds authority
§228
Section 228 – Principal not bound when excess of agent's authority is not separable
§229
Section 229 – Consequences of notice given to agent
§230
Section 230 – Agent cannot personally enforce, nor be bound by, contracts on behalf of principal
§231
Section 231 – Rights of parties to a contract made by agent not disclosed
§232
Section 232 – Performance of contract with agent supposed to be principal
§233
Section 233 – Right of person dealing with agent personally liable
§234
Section 234 – Consequence of inducing agent or principal to act on belief that principal or agent will be held exclusively liable
§235
Section 235 – Liability of pretended agent
§236
Section 236 – Person falsely contracting as agent, not entitled to performance
§237
Section 237 – Liability of principal inducing belief that agent's unauthorized acts were authorized
§238
Section 238 – Effect, on agreement, of misrepresentation or fraud by agent
§239
Section 239 – Repealed.
§240
Section 240 – Repealed.
§241
Section 241 – Repealed.
§242
Section 242 – Repealed.
§243
Section 243 – Repealed.
§244
Section 244 – Repealed.
§245
Section 245 – Repealed.
§246
Section 246 – Repealed.
§247
Section 247 – Repealed.
§248
Section 248 – Repealed.
§249
Section 249 – Repealed.
§250
Section 250 – Repealed.
§251
Section 251 – Repealed.
§252
Section 252 – Repealed.
§253
Section 253 – Repealed.
§254
Section 254 – Repealed.
§255
Section 255 – Repealed.
§256
Section 256 – Repealed.
§257
Section 257 – Repealed.
§258
Section 258 – Repealed.
§259
Section 259 – Repealed.
§260
Section 260 – Repealed.
§261
Section 261 – Repealed.
§262
Section 262 – Repealed.
§263
Section 263 – Repealed.
§264
Section 264 – Repealed.
§265
Section 265 – Repealed.
§266
Section 266 – Repealed.